How do dogs primarily communicate their emotions?

Dogs primarily communicate their emotions through body language. This encompasses a variety of physical cues such as posture, facial expressions, and movements. For example, a dog may show submission by lowering its body, or it may express excitement by bouncing or wagging its tail vigorously. Observing these non-verbal signals can provide significant insights into a dog's feelings and intentions, helping caretakers and trainers respond appropriately.

While verbal sounds, tail movements, and smell can also play roles in canine communication, body language is the most comprehensive way through which dogs express their emotional states. Understanding this aspect of canine behavior is crucial for fostering a positive relationship between dogs and their human counterparts.